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数据中心弃用水冷,改用永久性化学物质为人工智能设备降温

商业 - 财富中文网 Joshua Hong 4 天前 www.fortunechina.com

一项新研究发现,数据中心为机房设备降温,正导致全氟和多氟烷基物质(PFAS,俗称永久性化学物质)使用量激增。图片来源:Meg Roussos/Bloomberg via Getty Images

距离中期选举仅剩六周,共和党人正面临两难境地:既要回应选民反对扩建数据中心的诉求,又须认同总统持续推进数据中心建设的政策立场。然而,正当反对声浪持续升温之际,新的争议点再度浮现——这类设施会将“永久性化学物质”排入空气中。

化学品监管机构ChemSec发布的一份新报告显示,在人工智能基础设施建设浪潮的推动下,全球主要PFAS生产商正纷纷扩大产能。PFAS,又称“永久性化学物质”,目前被广泛应用于数据中心设备散热处理。报告指出,包括日本大金集团、法国材料制造企业阿科玛、美国化工企业科慕在内的主要化工企业,正因半导体和数据中心行业需求增长而扩大PFAS产能。需求主要源于三个方面:数据中心冷却、半导体制造以及锂离子电池材料。

这似乎是数据中心饱受诟病的用水问题引发的两难困境:新一代冷却系统不再耗水,转而采用含PFAS的氟化化学品。根据ChemSec在2023年初的一项分析,全球最大的永久性化学物质生产商2022年利润约为40亿美元,但这类物质每年带来的社会总成本预估高达17.5万亿美元,涵盖医疗保健支出、污染清理、水体治理等费用。

人工智能热潮推动数据中心大规模建设,而设备散热进一步推高PFAS需求。数据中心建设规模仍在持续扩张:商业地产行业协会BOMA发布的2026年研究报告显示,去年数据中心项目占美国私人建筑施工总量的近46%,而十年前这一比例不足5%。数据中心建设支出同样暴涨:Statista的数据显示,相关支出从2014年的18亿美元飙升至去年的411亿美元。

永久性化学物质耐热性极强。这种化学键稳定的物质广泛用于各类日用品,比如食品包装、防污喷剂以及灭火泡沫。PFAS化学键极其稳固,很难自然降解,一旦进入环境,便会对人类与自然环境造成危害。这一特性也使得PFAS在半导体制造、工业设备和冷却系统中备受青睐,然而,正是这种耐久性,也使得它造成的环境与健康损害难以消除。

事实上,这类物质的化学稳定性正在我们的生活中显现。美国国家健康与营养检查调查(NHANES)的数据显示,97%的美国人血液中检出PFAS。

ChemSec利用SIN Producers数据库进行统计后发现,科慕是清单中PFAS生产和使用量最高的企业。报告还发现,该公司一方面扩大PFAS制冷剂产能,另一方面研发面向数据中心冷却场景的新产品。ChemSec估算,科慕58亿美元营收中,PFAS相关产品贡献了其中一半至三分之二。报告称,为满足半导体行业需求,大金计划将PFAS产能提升两倍;阿科玛开始在北美和亚洲扩大生产。

数据中心冷却领域已成为各方博弈的战场。7月,17家环保组织联合致信美国环保署(EPA),要求驳回科慕一款新型PFAS化学物质——Opteon 2P50——用于数据中心制冷的快速审批申请。这些组织认为,科慕低估了该化合物潜在的健康和气候风险,现有毒理学证据尚不充分。

信件写道:“一座超大规模数据中心可配备数百个储罐,总计容纳数万升介电液。即便大型数据中心仅有少量Opteon 2P50发生泄漏,也可能向大气中释放大量PFAS气体。更换冷却储罐时,大量Opteon 2P50还会被废弃或外泄,进一步加剧对公众健康和环境的风险。”

据《卫报》报道,科慕否认了上述担忧。该公司表示这套冷却系统为“闭环系统”,运行过程中气体泄漏量极低。这家化工企业仍在持续推进数据中心冷却业务,并在8月推出新型制冷剂。

科慕热管理与特种解决方案业务总裁约瑟夫·马丁科(Joseph Martinko)在新闻稿中表示:“人工智能正在重塑冷却基础设施的需求格局。客户需要的是能够跟上技术发展节奏,同时不牺牲效率与可靠性,并满足长期监管要求的解决方案。随着制冷设备原始设备制造商和运营商搭建并维护为数据中心、商业楼宇及其他关键环境提供动力的核心系统,科慕正持续拓展产品组合,进一步巩固我们在高增长冷却应用领域的优势。”

1月,法国民众也针对阿科玛与大金提起诉讼,指控两家企业造成PFAS污染,担心当地沦为“化学谷”。这起诉讼由192名公民和4家环保组织共同发起。

阿科玛表示:“我们将针对诉状中的指控在法庭上积极辩护”,同时已另行驳斥相关污染指控。大金则称,自2022年起已“加快投资”,以更好地控制PFAS排放。(财富中文网)

距离中期选举仅剩六周,共和党人正面临两难境地:既要回应选民反对扩建数据中心的诉求,又须认同总统持续推进数据中心建设的政策立场。然而,正当反对声浪持续升温之际,新的争议点再度浮现——这类设施会将“永久性化学物质”排入空气中。

化学品监管机构ChemSec发布的一份新报告显示,在人工智能基础设施建设浪潮的推动下,全球主要PFAS生产商正纷纷扩大产能。PFAS,又称“永久性化学物质”,目前被广泛应用于数据中心设备散热处理。报告指出,包括日本大金集团、法国材料制造企业阿科玛、美国化工企业科慕在内的主要化工企业,正因半导体和数据中心行业需求增长而扩大PFAS产能。需求主要源于三个方面:数据中心冷却、半导体制造以及锂离子电池材料。

这似乎是数据中心饱受诟病的用水问题引发的两难困境:新一代冷却系统不再耗水,转而采用含PFAS的氟化化学品。根据ChemSec在2023年初的一项分析,全球最大的永久性化学物质生产商2022年利润约为40亿美元,但这类物质每年带来的社会总成本预估高达17.5万亿美元,涵盖医疗保健支出、污染清理、水体治理等费用。

人工智能热潮推动数据中心大规模建设,而设备散热进一步推高PFAS需求。数据中心建设规模仍在持续扩张:商业地产行业协会BOMA发布的2026年研究报告显示,去年数据中心项目占美国私人建筑施工总量的近46%,而十年前这一比例不足5%。数据中心建设支出同样暴涨:Statista的数据显示,相关支出从2014年的18亿美元飙升至去年的411亿美元。

永久性化学物质耐热性极强。这种化学键稳定的物质广泛用于各类日用品,比如食品包装、防污喷剂以及灭火泡沫。PFAS化学键极其稳固,很难自然降解,一旦进入环境,便会对人类与自然环境造成危害。这一特性也使得PFAS在半导体制造、工业设备和冷却系统中备受青睐,然而,正是这种耐久性,也使得它造成的环境与健康损害难以消除。

事实上,这类物质的化学稳定性正在我们的生活中显现。美国国家健康与营养检查调查(NHANES)的数据显示,97%的美国人血液中检出PFAS。

ChemSec利用SIN Producers数据库进行统计后发现,科慕是清单中PFAS生产和使用量最高的企业。报告还发现,该公司一方面扩大PFAS制冷剂产能,另一方面研发面向数据中心冷却场景的新产品。ChemSec估算,科慕58亿美元营收中,PFAS相关产品贡献了其中一半至三分之二。报告称,为满足半导体行业需求,大金计划将PFAS产能提升两倍;阿科玛开始在北美和亚洲扩大生产。

数据中心冷却领域已成为各方博弈的战场。7月,17家环保组织联合致信美国环保署(EPA),要求驳回科慕一款新型PFAS化学物质——Opteon 2P50——用于数据中心制冷的快速审批申请。这些组织认为,科慕低估了该化合物潜在的健康和气候风险,现有毒理学证据尚不充分。

信件写道:“一座超大规模数据中心可配备数百个储罐,总计容纳数万升介电液。即便大型数据中心仅有少量Opteon 2P50发生泄漏,也可能向大气中释放大量PFAS气体。更换冷却储罐时,大量Opteon 2P50还会被废弃或外泄,进一步加剧对公众健康和环境的风险。”

据《卫报》报道,科慕否认了上述担忧。该公司表示这套冷却系统为“闭环系统”,运行过程中气体泄漏量极低。这家化工企业仍在持续推进数据中心冷却业务,并在8月推出新型制冷剂。

科慕热管理与特种解决方案业务总裁约瑟夫·马丁科(Joseph Martinko)在新闻稿中表示:“人工智能正在重塑冷却基础设施的需求格局。客户需要的是能够跟上技术发展节奏,同时不牺牲效率与可靠性,并满足长期监管要求的解决方案。随着制冷设备原始设备制造商和运营商搭建并维护为数据中心、商业楼宇及其他关键环境提供动力的核心系统,科慕正持续拓展产品组合,进一步巩固我们在高增长冷却应用领域的优势。”

1月,法国民众也针对阿科玛与大金提起诉讼,指控两家企业造成PFAS污染,担心当地沦为“化学谷”。这起诉讼由192名公民和4家环保组织共同发起。

阿科玛表示:“我们将针对诉状中的指控在法庭上积极辩护”,同时已另行驳斥相关污染指控。大金则称,自2022年起已“加快投资”,以更好地控制PFAS排放。(财富中文网)

The midterms are six weeks away and Republicans are walking a fine line between meeting constituents in opposition to data center growth and agreeing with the president who continues to advocate for them. Now there seems to be another wrinkle to the ongoing data center backlash: the release of “forever chemicals” into the air.

A new report from chemical watchdog ChemSec found that most of the world’s biggest PFAS producers are expanding their capacity thanks to AI infrastructure. PFAS, also known as “forever chemicals,” are being used to handle the enormous amounts of heat generated from data center equipment. The report found that major chemical producers—including Japanese conglomerate Daikin, French materials manufacturing company Arkema and American chemical company Chemours—are increasing PFAS production thanks to growing demand from semiconductor and data center industries. This stems from three main demand sources: data center cooling, semiconductor manufacturing and lithium-ion battery materials.

It seems to be a catch-22 from a noted criticism of data centers: water usage. Newer cooling systems in these facilities are using fluorinated chemicals that include PFAS instead of water. The world’s biggest makers of “forever chemicals” pulled in roughly $4 billion in profit in 2022, against an estimated $17.5 trillion a year in societal costs—healthcare, cleanup, contaminated water—according to an earlier 2023 analysis by ChemSec.

Thanks to the AI boom spurring data center development, the need to mitigate the effects of heat stemming from equipment may also drive up that demand for PFAS. This, while data center development continues growing: a 2026 study from the commercial real estate trade association BOMA found data center facilities accounted for nearly 46% of private construction last year, compared to less than 5% a decade ago. The actual dollar value of data construction spending exploded as well: from $1.8 billion in 2014 to $41.1 billion last year, per Statista.

The materials needed in the AI race

“Forever chemicals” are highly resistant to heat. That makes the chemical-bonded substances particularly useful in many common consumer products such as food packaging, stain-resistant sprays and firefighting foam. Due to the strong chemical bond of PFAS, it doesn’t degrade easily—making it dangerous for both humans and nature when exposed. That makeup also makes PFAS desirable in semiconductor manufacturing, industrial equipment and cooling systems, but that durability is also what makes their environmental, and health, footprint hard to cover.

In fact, that chemical durability is showing up in our lives. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey found PFAS in the blood of 97% of Americans.

According to the ChemSec report, Chemours produces or uses more PFAS substances than any other on ChemSec’s list, per ChemSec’s SIN Producers database. The study also found the company is developing products intended for data center cooling as it expands its production of PFAS refrigerants. ChemSec estimates between half and two-thirds of Chemours’ $5.8 billion revenue comes from PFAS production. Daikin also plans to triple its PFAS capacity in response to semiconductor demand, according to the report, just as Arkema begins expanding production in North America and in Asia.

Data center cooling has already become a battleground. In July, 17 environmental organizations submitted a letter to the EPA to reject Chemours’ application to fast-track a new PFAS chemical—Opteon 2P50—for use in data center cooling. The groups argued that Chemours had underestimated the compound’s potential health and climate risks, and that the available toxicological evidence was insufficient.

“A hyperscale data center can contain hundreds of tanks, totaling tens of thousands of liters of dielectric fluid,” the letter read. “If even a small fraction of the Opteon 2P50 used in a large data center leaks, it would result in a significant release of PFAS gases. And when cooling tanks need to be replaced, large amounts of Opteon 2P50 will be disposed or released, increasing the risk to the public and the environment.”

Chemours has denied these concerns according to a report from The Guardian. The company said the system operates as a “closed loop” and the amount of gas escaping during operation is low. The chemical corporation has also continued moving forward in its data center cooling process, launching new refrigerants in August.

“AI is reshaping the demands placed on cooling infrastructure, and customers need solutions that can keep pace without compromising efficiency, reliability, or long-term regulatory readiness,” Joseph Martinko, President of Thermal & Specialized Solutions at Chemours, said in a press release. “Chemours is expanding the choices available to chiller OEMs and operators as they build and maintain the critical systems powering data centers, commercial buildings, and other mission critical environments, while further strengthening our position in attractive, high-growth cooling applications.”

Chemours did not immediately respond to a request for comment from Fortune.

French citizens have also filed a lawsuit against Arkema and Daikin on PFAS pollution allegations in January as well, citing concerns of “chemical valley.” The lawsuit included 192 citizens and four environmental organizations.

Arkema stated it “will defend itself before the court against the allegations contained in the summons,” and has separately pushed back on related contamination claims. Daikin said it has “accelerated its investments” since 2022 to better control its PFAS emissions.

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